Nov 03 2008
copyright < creative commons (aka the history of the world)
Exegesis – Remix Project
Copyright is one of the most influential creations of last century – it currently governs what each person, community and country can watch, copy, buy and listen to. It is the “the exclusive legal right to reproduce, publish, sell, or distribute the matter and form of something (as a literary, musical, or artistic work)”, (Merriam-Webster, 2008) for the purpose of providing, “an incentive for people to produce new works for the benefit of society as a whole. The incentive is created by the opportunity to be paid when other people use and disseminate those works.” (Australian Copyright Council) Too often the impact of copyright is not fully understood – younger generations have grown up knowing no other option than copyright that extends 70 years after the life of the artist or author. The remix project aims to suggest to the audience the incredibility limiting nature of copyright law, particularly in comparison with Creative Commons licensing. This exegesis will explore the project in relation to theory surrounding copyright and its place the present and the future.
Although copyright originally began as a reaction to the eroding of printer’s monopolies, it has now become a tool of the artist, the author but most importantly the corporations – a way in which their ideas can be safely protected from being reused, modified or remix, even if their own work is an merely a remix of another. Creators and authors complain that they are, “plagiarized, ripped off by publishers, savaged by critics, counterfeited – and we [sic] even get our works copied by “pirates” who give our stuff away for free online” (Doctorow, 2008, p. 55). It’s even argued that, “without the protections guaranteed by our copyright laws, many of the works we enjoy and rely upon today would never exist.” (Copyright Clearance Centre) This is true up to a point, works should be protected and one should receive value in return for their efforts. The problem mainly lies in the duration of copyright law. The length of copyright has been exponentially increasing, to its current length of up to 70 years after the death of the author or artist.
For the first half of last century, author and artists had greater access to copyrighted material. Copyright lasted for a fraction what it does now. This means that works would be released much more quickly into the public domain, where they could be adapted, reused and reshaped by the next generation. The works of Walt Disney are a classic example of the freedom that was available to recreate works, “Disney added to the work of others before him, creating something new out of something just barely old.” (Lessig, 2004, p. 23) Most of the films from Disney are re-telling of traditional fairytales, many collected by the Brothers Grimm. Due to less stringent copyright laws, he and his company were able to use these stories as well as building on the culture currently surrounding them to create new works – he “ripped creativity from the culture around him, mixed that creativity with his own extraordinary talent, and then burned that mix into the soul of his culture.” (Lessig, 2004, p.24) The changes in copyright law mean that instead of being able to use works from the 1960s and 1970s (which would have been released in public domain by now), the last content to be released from copyright to the public domain is from before the Great Depression. (Lessig, 2004, p.25)
Copyright enforces limits on the how one can create works that reflect the current culture they live in. While the cost of computers, sound and video equipment and software has decreased dramatically in the last two decades, it is still not in any way easy to recreate a legal remix work. Simply having a short clip from tv show playing in the background of your film can set you back $10 000 in licensing fees – now consider the cost of constructing a remix, some of what have hundreds of clips. (Lessig, 2004, p.24) If one cannot show their culture in their works, it makes it difficult to construct meaningful works out of, from and based upon their culture surrounding them. The introduction of Creative Commons licensing enables people to partly license their work, and allow others to still reuse, remix and modify it according to the authors stipulations. (Creative Commons)
In addition to the Creative Commons licensing, the attitudes towards ownership and whether the author or artist must enforce complete copyright in order to fully ‘own’ their work are altering, and whether full copyright is the most beneficial license for the author, is being questioned as well. Both Lawrence Lessig (Free Culture) and Cory Doctorow (Content: Selected Essays on Technology, Creativity, Copyright, and the Future of the Future) have released free copies of their books onto the Internet; Lessig’s text is even licensed under Creative Commons. Doctorow even explores why he gives away copies of his book ‘for free’ (the text is available electronically, at no charge, from his website) – he believes that not only has it does it actually attract a larger audience and therefore more physical copies sold, but it “opens many other opportunities for me to earn a living from activities around my writing, such as the Fulbright Chair I got at USC this year, this high-paying article in Forbes, speaking engagements and other opportunities to teach, write and license my work for translation and adaptation,” (Doctorow, 2008, p. 75).
As new technology makes it increasing easier to copy images, sounds, text, film and an assortment of other media, some are proclaiming, “if the Internet can’t be controlled, then copyright is dead” (Doctorow, 2008, p. 83), but Doctorow argues that far from being dead, copyright is broken. (2008, p. 87) There is still and always will be a need for authors and artists to protect their works, but with new technology must come new ways of doing things. The Creative Commons license not only accepting that people are going to copy works, it expects it, and some forms of the licnse even expect people to alter and manipulate the workers – all as long as the original creator is given credit for their work.
These issues that surround copyright in our current culture were at the forefront of my mind during the planning and execution of my project. In choosing what would be explored in the project, I decided to make a high-impact piece. I decided to portray the copyright laws as ending the view-ability of our history to suggest to the audience the great impact that copyright right has on our culture – as though the severe nature of copyright, and the limits it puts on remixing, reusing and modifying, almost makes it as though that time is history doesn’t exist.
The sounds and images were sourced from either sites that held wholly creative commons material or that contained creative commons filters. By searching various words and phrases I was able to gather source material that reflects key moments in history and our current culture, a majority of these images feature people participating in a community or the images reflect a particular community and the culture attached to it. The remix indirectly addresses participation as the images feature assorted aspects of community, and participation is a vital element of community. Additionally the sounds and images were gathered from sites that encompass strong aspects of community, a community that supports and contributes to a pool of Creative Commons sources for other to remix, reuse and modify. The topic of communication is dealt with as the project employs varying mediums to communicate the one theme and the ability, or lack there of, everyone to be able to convey their own communication through the manipulation of sound, image and film to reflect upon their culture.
I chose to use computer style font, language and sounds between the images to convey the impression of impartiality. This suggests to the audience to temporarily put aside their own opinions about copyright to objectively look at my project. The music of the 0000-1910 images begins to crescendo right before it is interrupted by computer glitch sound effects. This is meant to represent the increasing abundance of material and sources that would be or could be available for use, that had been cut out by copyright law. The two different musical clips help differentiate between the pre-copyright (as we know it) and Creative Commons periods, the first musical clip is almost other worldly, suggesting the audience the lack of resources to create works or to remix them (both financially and skillfully) and hence the almost unobtainable nature that these sources held, the second clip, played after the Creative Commons logo is much more modern, fresh and upbeat – representing the change of licensing and the freedom that everyone has to not only create works but the freedom to modify them as well.
I decided to have the year counter playing over the images to aid the suggestion to the audience that copyright has not existed in it’s current format since the beginning of time, that this has only been a recent development. The first counter finishes on the year 1923 – the year in which Disney created Mickey Mouse. The second counter runs from 2001 to 2008, from the year Creative Commons began to the present.
After sampling several pictures to convey the beginning of the copyright an Creative Commons periods, I decided to use the logos instead as they conveyed everything that I was trying to find in an image, but in a format that conveys a more uniform message to different audiences.
The biggest problem I had over the course of the project was finding images for the pre-copyright section that were Creative Commons licensed. I particularly wanted to source images that appeared as though they could have been taken during that time, had photo cameras existed. Due to the freedom the sites allow with the naming and tagging of images and sounds, some images were obviously more difficult to locate than others. This issue was resolved by attempting several combinations of words, as well as multiple searches, to try and gather as many images of diverse cultures and communities.
This was followed closely by my difficulty in picking a topic. Being given an open-ended project and topic seems to be more mentally paralysing than one with very strict and defined guidelines. After several initial ideas and a few false starts I decided on the showing the impact of copyright on the history of the world after seeing a television show use a the Ken Burns effect on the images in their opening sequence.
The software that I chose to create my project on proved to be somewhat unpredictable. I mainly used iMovie, as this was the only film editing software I would be able access at home as well as at university. The software failed to apply the effects to several of the clips, repeatedly and on separate computers. Although I attempted to recreate the effect using Final Cut Express, this proved to be far too time consuming. After several more attempts the iMovie software finally applied the effects. This proved to be frustrating and time-consuming period – at the mercy of technology, with no ability to impact the outcome!
Overall this was a project that, although challenging due to the restrictions on copyrighted material, was great. To be able explore remix in our own way and through different topics was a great opportunity that is not overly available in an undergraduate degree.
This was no small topic for a project totals under one minute (plus credits), but hopefully through the use of remix I have suggested to my audience the dramatic affect that copyright has on all of our lives. While licensing laws will still remain a point of contention, I’m sure for many years to come, this course and project has demonstrated the other options available apart from full copyright and why and where one should use them.
References – Exegesis
Australian Copyright Council (2008) ‘Copyright Purposes and Sources.’ http://www.copyright.org.au/information/introduction/intro-2.htm (accessed 29th October 2008)
Australian Copyright Council (2008) ‘Information Sheet G023v14: Duration of copyright.’ http://www.copyright.org.au/intro-5.htm (accessed 29 October 2008)
Copyright Clearance Centre (2008) ‘Copyright Basics.’ http://www.copyright.com/ccc/viewPage.do?pageCode=cr10-n (accessed 29 October 2008)
Creative Commons (2008) http://creativecommons.org/ (accessed 29 October 2008)
Doctorow, Cory (2008) Content: Selected Essays on Technology, Creativity, Copyright, and the Future of the Future. San Francisco: Tachyon Publications
Lessig, Lawrence (2004) Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and The Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity. New York: The Penguin Press.
Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2008) ‘copyright.’ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/copyright (accessed 29 October 2008)
References – Remix Project
3arabawy -صَحـَـفي مِصـْـر ‘The Russian Revolution 1905 الثورة الروسية’ http://www.flickr.com/photos/elhamalawy/2716484543/
A. Diez Herrero (2007) ‘copyright’[graphic file] (December 5, 2007) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/21572939@N03/2090594428/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
A. www.viajar24h.com (2003) ‘fSapa & Ta Phin-172’ [graphic file] (December 3, 2003) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=2305396 (accessed 27th October 2008)
akk_rus (2008) ‘Trinity church in Vorobyovo. Moscow, Russia’ [graphic file] (January 26, 2008) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/akras/2231957439/ (accessed 26th October 2008)
Angela Sevin (2006) ‘Kikuyu woman traditional dress’ [graphic file] (January 1, 2006) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=37987 (accessed 28th October 2008)
Antmoose (2005) ‘Helena’ [graphic file] (December 30, 2005) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/antmoose/84543614/ (accessed 23rd October 2008)
aranarth (2007) ‘Our computers’ [graphic file] (July 19, 2007) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/angelaypablo/860181962/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
Argenberg (2006) ‘Red Square in Moscow (2006-01-058)’ [graphic file] (January 21, 2006) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/argenberg/266012776/ (accessed 26th October 2008)
AtomicPope (2005) ‘Johnny Ramone – Hollywood Fever Cemetery’ [graphic file] (March 23, 2005) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/chuckypurdue/9378224/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
Bimurch (2007) ‘Japanese Fan Dancer’ [graphic file] (November 4, 2007) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=3031603 (accessed 28th October 2008)
Blablaurgh (2007) ‘At Saqsawaman’ [graphic file] (June 8, 2007) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=3784119 (accessed 28th October 2008)
carlosluz (2007) ‘revolution’ [graphic file] (June 6, 2007) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/carlosluzz/533386204/ (accessed 27th October 2008)
Cdammen (2007) ‘Nintendo DS Game Cartridges, Again’ [graphie file] (March 10 2007) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/cdammen/416339658/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
Chadh (2000) ‘WTC Twin Towers, pre-9/11 NYC’ [graphic file] (2000) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/chadh-flickr/277042271/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
Creative Commons (2002) ‘cc,logo.png 189×46 pixels’ [graphic file] (2002) Creative Commons http://mirrors.creativecommons.org/presskit/logos/cc.logo.png (accessed 28th October 2008)
Crinn Wolk (2005) ‘Sailing, Sailing’ [graphic file] (November 25, 2005) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=76609 (accessed 28th October 2008)
Cristiano Betta (2006) ‘Asian Girls’ [graphic file] (September 26, 2006) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/cristiano_betta/2942236893/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
David Wilmot (2005) ‘Auntie Edith’ [graphic file] (February 26, 2005) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=73430 (accessed 27th October 2008)
David Wilmot (2005) ‘William Francis Robert’ [graphic file] (February 26, 2005) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=73924 (accessed 27th October 2008)
dbking (2004) ‘Andrew Jackson’ [graphic file] (August 24, 2004) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=284536 (accessed 27th October 2008)
dbking (2004) ‘Emancipation statue at Lincoin Park’ [graphic file] (August 27, 2004) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=303842 (accessed 28th October 2008)
dbking (2005) ‘National Cathedral’ [graphic file] (July 30, 2005) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=1264474 (accessed 27th October 2008)
dbking (2007) ‘Alexander Hamilton’ [graphic file] (January 15, 2007) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/bootbearwdc/359047222/ (accessed 25th October 2008)
Eli Hodapp (2006) ‘iPod Video playing on my TV using a regular camcorder cable.’ [graphic file] (Septmber 26, 2006) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/io_burn/253591923/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
ErrorCell (2006) ‘009’ [audio file] (September 24, 2006) The Free Sound Project http://www.freesound.org/samplesViewSingle.php?id=23061 (accessed 29th October 2008)
escapethematrix (2007) ‘London Eye’ [graphic file] (January 9, 2007) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/escapethematrix/388928321/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
foxypar4 (2008) ‘Firework Display – Hogmanay Street Party, Dornoch, Scotland’ [graphic file] (January 1, 2008) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/foxypar4/2153422313 (accessed 29th October 2008)
Franz88 (2007) ‘London Bridge’ [graphic file] (August 1, 2007) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/franz88/973423120/ (accessed 25th October 2008)
Gimmeahug (2008) ‘Statue of Liberty’ [graphic file] (January 18, 2008) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/gimmeahug/2201931670/ (accessed 25th October 2008)
guitarguy1985 (2008) ‘computerstartup’ [audio file] (April 18, 2008) The Free Sound Project http://www.freesound.org/samplesViewSingle.php?id=52050 (accessed 28th October 2008)
Hazy Jenius (2006) ‘Giza Girls’ [graphic file] (November 1, 2006) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/hazy_jenius/291459380/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
Hc_07 (2007) ‘Horse and cart’ [graphic file] (May 12, 2007) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/82684220@N00/496250520/ (accessed 25th October 2008)
Ironmanixs (2006) ‘Taj Mahal’ [graphic file] (September 18, 2006) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/ironmanixs/179159399/ (accessed 26th October 2008)
jackfrench (2005) ‘Full Moon Festival’ [graphic file] (September 18. 2005) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/jackfrench/46438286/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
James Gordon (2008) ‘Iraqi arab elder, near Fallujah’ [graphic file] (January 31, 2008) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=2543820 (accessed 28th October 2008)
James Gorrdon (2004) ‘Arches National Park, Utah’ [graphic file] (June 2, 2004) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=2428261 (accessed 27th October 2008)
Jimbowen0306 (2005) ‘Mount Rushmore’ [graphic file] (August 20, 2005) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/jamiedfw/445506874/ (accessed 25th October 2008)
jimg944 (1986) ‘can8602_02, El Castillo, Chichen Itza, Maya Ruins, Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico’ [graphic file] (February 1986) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=350712 (accessed 27th October 2008)
Joe Geranio (2008) ‘Julio Claudian Wall Painting 2’ [graphic file] (May 3, 2008) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=3969829 (accessed 28th October 2008)
Joe Shlabotnik (2006) ‘Lego People’ [graphic file] (March 23, 2005) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/joeshlabotnik/305410323/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
katrinket (2006) ‘Pokemon plane’ [graphic file] (September 1, 2006) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/fuzzyblue/247771233/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
Kevin Walsh (2005) ‘Masai’ [graphic file] (April 20, 2005) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=638 (accessed 28th October 2008)
kk+ (2005) ‘Sierra’s Pirate Birthday Party’ [graphic file] (June 19, 2005) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/kk/20155523/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
Krupo (2007) ‘Ancient Rome’ [graphic file] (May 18, 2007) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/krupo/539026049/ (accessed 23rd October 2008)
macieklew (2004) ‘Church Tower’ [graphic file] (January 1, 2004) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/macieklew/415909370/ (January 1, 2004)
Marion Doss (2008) ‘Slave pen of Price – Birch et Co’ [graphic file] (June 12, 2008) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/ooocha/2573890689/ (accessed 25th October 2008)
**Mary** – is in Hawaii, Aloha! (2006) ‘The ruins of ancient rome’ [graphic file] (October 8, 2006) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/virgomerry/373407277/ (accessed 23rd October 2008)
mckaysavage (2007) ‘India – Madurai – 023 – brightly garbed Rajasthani women pilgrims’ [graphic file] (October 30, 2007) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=2832842 (accessed 28th October 2008)
mckaysavage (2008) ‘India – Faces – Rural women driving their own change 1’ [graphic file] (January 23, 2008) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=2740135 (accessed 28th October 2008)
mgrenner57 (2005) ‘State of the World 2005 event, EU Parliament Brussels Audience at EP’ [graphic file] (March 1, 2005) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/mgrenner57/122985588/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
mharrsch (2006) ‘The Convent Parlor by Giuseppe De Gobbis Venice Italy 1976 oil’ [graphic file] (March 9, 2006) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/44124324682@N01/172233468/ (accessed 25th October 2008)
mikep (2005) ‘Yea, it really looked like that’ [graphic file] (June 21, 2005) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/mikep/32085367/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
Mikey G Ottawa (2007) ‘Police Staff Car – Ottawa 05 07’ [graphic file] (May 12, 2007) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/mikeygottawa/494531076/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
moonpie (2006) ‘Stonehenge HDR’ [graphic file] (September 24, 2006) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/_moonpie/251570737/ (accessed 26th October 2008)
~MVI~ (2008) ‘Lincoln Memorial (Washington DC)’ [graphic file] (August 9, 2008) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/bigberto/2764464101/ (accessed 26th October 2008)
Narek781 (2007) ‘Armenian army’ [graphic file] (July 25, 2007) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/56767781@N00/897304654/ (accessed 26th October 2008)
Night86mare (2007) ‘Grandeur, Asian Style’ [graphic file] (August 2, 2007) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/night86mare/1004961927/ (accessed 27th October 2008)
noenbubble (2008) ‘Baby Grandad, Horse, Cart’ [graphic file] (February 11, 2008) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/neonbubble/2258527728/ (accessed 25th October 2008)
Okinawa Soba (2008) ‘SLAVES, EX-SLAVES, and CHILDREN OF SLAVES IN THE AMERICAN SOUTH, 1860 -1905 (2)’ [graphic file] (August 2, 2008) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/24443965@N08/2724476942/ (accessed 23rd October 2008)
Okinawa Soba (2008) ‘SLAVES, EX-SLAVES, and CHILDREN OF SLAVES IN THE AMERICAN SOUTH, 1860 -1905 (22)’ [graphic file] (August 2, 2008) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/24443965@N08/2723654375/ (accessed 23rd October 2008)
Okinawa Soba (2008) ‘The White Slave’ [graphic file] (August 2, 2008) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/24443965@N08/2724475570/ (accessed 23rd October 2008)
Paul-W (2006) ‘102 Robert Pittenger and army buddies’ [graphic file] (October 2, 2006) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/paul-w-locke/259402152/ (accessed 26th October 2008
Peter Morgan (2005) ‘Standing Guard’ [graphic file] (April 9, 2005) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=105956 (accessed 27th October 2008)
rosathorns (2007) ‘Eskimo and his kyak’ [graphic file] (March 21, 2007) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=3784071 (accessed 28th October 2008)
rosathorns (2008) ‘Obleka’ [graphic file] (September 8, 2008) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=4160078 (accessed 28th October 2008)
Sam and Ian (2006) ‘The sphinx and the pyramid of Giza’ [graphic file] (January 22, 2006) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/sam_and_ian/89836895/ (accessed 23rd October 2008)
Sgt.Steiner (2008) ‘JNP-A-06’ [graphic file] (March 31, 2008) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/42114936@N00/2285479947/ (accessed 26th October 2008)
shapeshift (2007) ‘Intense gaming’ [graphie file] (January 13, 2007) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/shapeshift/104228344/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
sjtiffen (2008) ‘Mud People’ [graphic file] (July 20, 2008) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/sjtiffen/2685752580/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
suonho (2005) ‘glitch_09_loseswordswoman_(suonho)’ [audio file] (July 8, 2005) The Free Sound Project http://www.freesound.org/samplesViewSingle.php?id=3796 (accessed 28th October 2008)
suonho (2005) ‘glitch_10_gliciosi_(suonho)’ [audio file] (July 8, 2005) The Free Sound Project http://www.freesound.org/samplesViewSingle.php?id=3797 (accessed 28th October 2008)
swamibu (2008) ‘The great pyramid: size matters’ [graphic file] (January 18, 2008) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/swamibu/2223726960/ (accessed 23rd October 2008)
“T” altered art (2006) ‘Shimmer’ [graphic file] (June 2, 2006) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=3354445 (accessed 28th October 2008)
tobi123 (2007) ‘Typing2’ [audio file] (May 7, 2007) The Free Sound Project http://www.freesound.org/samplesViewSingle.php?id=34541 (accessed 28th October 2008)
Topeka & Shawnee County Public Library (2008) ‘Children display their summer reading forms proudly’ [graphic file] (May 28, 2008) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/topekalibrary/2531927598/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
Vann Westfold (2007) ‘SecundoTempore2’ [audio file] (May 2, 2007) The Free Sound Project http://www.freesound.org/samplesViewSingle.php?id=34301 (accessed 28th October 2008)
Vlastula (2005) ‘Hollywood Sign’ [graphic file] (September 22, 2005) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/vlastula/450642954/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
vsqz (2006) ‘Universal City Walk Hollywood (4)’ [graphic file] (November 4, 2006) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/vsqz/293551381/ (accessed 29th October 2008)
wili_hybrid (2007) ‘Train on desrt’ [graphic file] (November 12, 2007) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/wili/1999071010/ (accessed 23rd October 2008)
wili_hybrid (2007) ‘Train on desrt’ [graphic file] (November 12, 2007) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/wili/1999071010/ (accessed 23rd October 2008)
will_hybrid (2006) ‘Lajpat Nagar’ [graphic file] (November 3, 2006) Every Stock Photo http://www.everystockphoto.com/photo.php?imageId=1407175 (accessed 28th October 2008)
Yewenyi (2007) ‘Wall’ [graphic file] (November 6, 2006) Flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/yewenyi/360373376/ (accessed 25th October 2008)
